Book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’

This paper seeks to make a review the book of E.H. Carr on ‘Twenty Years Crisis.’ The book is about international relations (IR) hence discussion dwells mainly on related different IR concepts including utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism.  The book was written by Edward Hallett Carr in 1939 and is believed to be one of the classics in international relations (IR).   I see two reasons why Carr’s book makes a special place in the field of IR. Firstly, since the book was first printed in 1939, it is believed that it greatly contributed to the establishment of international as an autonomous discipline; secondly, it has a quite good amount of texts in understanding classical realism.An observant mind would think that the book was written shortly before the outbreak of World War II – as the author himself has put in the preface to the first edition. The book is believed to have grown out of the author’s disappointment with utopianism and â₠¬Å"extreme† realism that appeared to him to belong to opposite poles that have developed in the study and practice of international politics after the Great War. Utopianism is believed to have its roots from the philosophical liberalism and gained popularity in the first decade after WWI which included the view that there is goodness in man and of humankind as united by a substantial harmony of interests; the existence of natural law; and a reliance on the constructive consequence of public opinion on politics.Using the doctrine of utopianism, one could see the creation of the League of Nations and the liberal international economic system. But for author Carr, he saw the opposite, arguing that these two liberal institutions were weak which actually uncovered the weaknesses of the utopian approach.   It was Carr’s view, that the political and economic events in Europe occurring before the World II proved that principles like the universal interest in peace or the bene fits of open markets were not really true in the real sense since these developments were dependent on a distribution of power favouring the status quo countries which included Great Britain and the United States at the time.Carr’s emphasis on power in international politics, however, does not preclude him from disagreeing with those who take this realist principle to its extremes. He looks at politics as a constant quest for power in which imagination does not play any role, and making an allowance for morality as always relative and functional to interests. Thus he argued that the kind of realism developed in the decade before World War II, made utopianism’s opposite mistake that is analysis made makes purpose lacking in meaning.   Carr’s contemporaries including â€Å"heirs of Machiavelli† were proposing a completely pragmatic approach to politics, which had detached any emotional appeal, finite goal, or ground for ethical judgment, which Carr readil y found to have no basis.This would leave any one then reading this book wander the way one then should look at world politics.   The author then made his theory of international relations clearer in the second half of the book.   What he theorized as is that power or drive for supremacy is the main driving force of international politics. He denied not the fact that every state has selfish interest and that no interaction in the international arena can be well explained without making an assumption to the selfish nature of states. These countries according to Carr lust for influence and to the conflictual character of politics. He defined power to be referring to military as the most important, because of the possibility of war that was always present then.Power could also be economic, or ideological. He thus believed that power is not the only force at work in the international arena. As to how can this be, Carr, as distinguished from the â€Å"extreme† realists, believ es that morality plays a role in politics.   His conception of ethics, however, is not embodied as part of one he is opposing, the theory of the utopian philosopher. Instead what Carr theorized on is a â€Å"realistic† morality, found and felt in the actual behaviour of the states that recognize each other as belonging to the same community. Commonality for membership in the same community lies with similar goals and â€Å"feelings† of said members.There is basis to look at the authors position on ethics in international relations as having significant limitations which should include the need and concern for self-preservation) so that denying not to have   any function in politics may sound to be baseless since man must not be forgotten that he can be sociable as well as egoistic. Thus in trying to find the middle ground or the so called â€Å"golden mean† that is between complete power and purely morality based on utopianism, Carr’s analysis of inte rnational law did show his plausible view in international relation. It may be just logical to understand his argument not to obey the law because it is â€Å"good† or out of pure imposition.He believes then powerful countries then do so make decisions because law gives certainty and regularity to an order and such situations do show both the systemic distribution of power and the consent of its participants. What can be inferred from Carr’s position is that, the main challenge for a system undergoing a redistribution of power via peaceful transformations of its legal order moral principles should be maintained as still important part of the process.To conclude, it may be said that the Carr’s book on The Twenty Years’ Crisis is a classic of International Relations and it’s a complex although others believe that has its simple structure.   Beyond the complexity it must be noted the author’s arguments revealed his concern the method of Inter national Relations as well as its substance. Carr’s attacking utopianism and â€Å"extreme† realism limits not only views of the human nature and of the essence of politics, but his good grasp of the relationships of thing like those between pragmatism and ethics in the study of politics making a reader to fill in some interpretation for the solution.   What must be remembered also is not his narration of the history of the inter-war international system, nor pure theoretical discussion as show in his refusal to transform arguments into universally models as he seemed to argue on case to case basis.Reference:Carr, E. (2001) The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919 -1939: An Introduction to the Study of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Relations (Paperback), as updated by Michael Cox

Fantasy in 20th Century Children’s Literature

Most critics agree that children’s literature is a diverse paradoxical area of study combining different literary genres. Like the concept of childhood, children’s literature is a social and cultural concept that evolves over time. Since the fourteenth century, children’s literature has gone through different literary periods each defined by its own divisions and genres. Many children’s novels, such as J. M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy, and C. S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe were published in the twentieth century and became classics. These books were marked with an increased diversity of literary genres such as mystery and fantasy literature. Fantasy literature has been a dominant literary genre in twentieth century children’s literature, particularly in Barrie’s and Lewis’s novels. In general, as a genre, fantasy literature integrates imaginative elements that shift away from reality into a secondary world . Fantasy literature in the twentieth century, namely in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy and Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wadrobe serves to help children develop vast imagination, and through imagination it allows children to understand and resolve real-world social issues. Doubtless, most people would be able to name some of the features of fantasy literature. Richard Mathews in his book Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination describes fantasy as a distinct literary genre that may be best thought of as a â€Å"fiction that elicits wonder through elements of the supernatural or impossible† (Matthews 2). Fantasy literature assumes the existence of supernatural elements within the framework of a certain text. These supernatural elements can exist in many locations throughout the text: they may be buried in, or leak into the apparent real world setting, the case of the boy character Peter Pan and his fairy Tinker Bell in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy. Supernatural elements may also appear in a secondary world where characters are drawn into a world with such fantastical elements. Narnia in Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is an example of such setting. The fictional realm of Narnia contains various mythical creatures, and magical occurrences. Narnian inhabitants such as Tumnus and the White Witch are themselves supernatural creatures with unusual traits often seen in European mythology and preceding British fairy tales. Fantasy literature can be categorized into two main sub-genres; high fantasy, which consists of a distinct entirely fictional secondary world, and low fantasy, characterized by being set in the real or primary world with the inclusion of supernatural elements. In almost all cases, supernatural elements shift events away from reality. The secondary world operates according to its own rules and altered laws of reality, different in many ways from those in the primary world. Fantasy and supernatural occurrences in the secondary world are depicted as being â€Å"natural† within its boundaries. This feature is important in keeping the secondary world internally consistent. To maintain this inner uniformity, fantasy in this modified world must be realistic. Improbable fantastical events must appear probable within the framework of rules and laws in the secondary world. As Aristotle puts it, â€Å"you can have a text that is improbable with reality as long as it is consistent. As long as the improbable is consistent, then fantasy is realistic†. Probable fantasy in the imaginative world is hence an essential prerequisite for Fantasy literature. The secondary imaginative world and the fantastical events that contain within play an important role in shaping the way Fantasy literature elicits a child reader response. Perhaps one of the most recognized characteristics of Fantasy literature is its appeal to imagination. Fantasy stretches the imagination, enforces creative thinking and encourages dreams. Through the use of the supernatural elements in the secondary world, children travel on a journey fueled by imagination and inventive creation. The way Fantasy literature is received by children audience has a direct effect on the ideas and responses it elicits on them. The act of reading fantasy requires the use of the imagination. In this sense, a great deal of interplay between the writer and reader is present. Because the role of imagination is so important, children readers have much to contribute as they read fantasy. In general, the writer provides the setting, characters, plot and other elements, but the children readers add their imagination to whatever the text allows. It is when children enter this secondary world, engaging with its characters and events that they become part of the story. They feel a sense of pride when characters rise to goodness and a sense of disappointment when the characters fail. Their sense of self and identity is fully shared with the characters as they live the experiences of the fantasy story. Take Barrie’s Neverland for example, a world without esponsibilities, filled with unlimited possibilities – seemingly all wishes of children come true. Neverland is a space where restrictive parents are absent, school is unheard of, and playtime is only interrupted by self-imagined meals (Barrie 113). At first glance, the ideal place to be as a child. Children readily associate with Neverland, this utopian world where everything is made possible stimulates their imagination. They imagine how seawaters are inhabited with mermaids, the endless fights with pirates, and the magic of fairy filling up woods (Barrie 116). Children create their own Neverland using their own imagination. An interesting point to note is that even the story characters themselves in Peter and Wendy imagined their own Neverland. For Michael and John, Neverland was a dream, the extraordinary world they dreamed about when they were asleep and the place where they desired to live in real life. John’s Neverland for instance, â€Å"had a lagoon with flamingos flying over it at which John was shooting, while Michael, who was very small, had a flamingo with lagoons flying over it† (Barrie 74). Barrie’s story itself reflects a prime example of uncorrupted imagination through the child’s interactions with the text. Barrie carefully explains that the Neverlands are located within the children’s minds, and although every Neverland is always more or less an island, each one will be uniquely individual. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lewis creates Narnia and supernatural Narnian creatures to provoke wonder and imagination in the minds of children. Narnia offers children a separate world where they escape to allowing them to paint their own images of this far secondary world. Lewis further creates heroines, who are gifted in imagination and who readily accept Narnia, the fantasy world, as a valid reality. One of the heroines, Lucy, goes into an enormous wardrobe and suddenly finds herself in this imaginary world, Narnia. Lucy felt a â€Å"little frightened, but she felt very inquisitive and excited as well† (Lewis 9). She later meets Mr. Tumnus, a Faun who asks her how she came to Narnia. Lucy, so puzzled, asks him: â€Å"Narnia? What’s that? † (Lewis 11). Right from the start, Lewis engages children in this imaginative world. By showing Lucy’s vast imagination and acceptance of Narnia, children readers extend their imagination accordingly, and view this secondary world as a valid reality. The heroines explore the new worlds of Narnia without hesitation. In Lewis’s book, the Pevensie siblings go through the Wardrobe to leave the primary world and enter into the secondary world, Narnia. The Wardrobe in the story functions as a portal between the two worlds. After reading The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, every child is left imagining the sight of wardrobes. This common and tangible object that most children had in their rooms during the time Lewis wrote his book opened a gateway of wonder, imagination and curiosity for the secondary world. It is very interesting how Lewis takes ordinary familiar ingredients and transforms it in a certain way which fascinates children and stretches their imagination. Imagination is very important in allowing the child resolve real world issues. Fantasy literature, through the imagination elicited within its context plays a central role in promoting the idea of a capable wise child. Adults like to view children as innocent, unable to comprehend surround real life situations. Warner in Little Angels, Little Monsters refers to Kipling’s unforgettable vivid Mowgli, and J. M Barrie’s Peter Pan, the boy who would never grow. Both examples reveal the depth of adult investment in a utopian childhood image (Warner 134). Heywood, in Some Themes in the Cultural History of Childhood, refers to the ideal innocent child incapable of solving real world problems, as part of the nineteenth and twentieth century British culture (Heywood 34). Certainly, many other authors of the twentieth ce ntury including Barrie and Lewis tried to convey the image of the innocent powerless child, unable to comprehend universal situations. This ideal image of childhood is seen in Barrie’s Peter Pan, as the boy who is â€Å"suspended in a state of perpetual childhood†, refusing to grow up (Cuthew 43). This eternal childhood is supported by Neverland, the secondary world where such attitude is cherished. Although this idea of innocent child is deeply integrated in the works of Barrie and Lewis, but without doubt, fantasy in both of Barrie’s and Lewis’s texts serves to promote a whole different role of the child. The secondary world, Narnia, provides a setting where children deal with issues universal to humankind and ones specifically associated with childhood and adolescence. Both Lewis’s and Barrie’s child protagonists are faced with numerous epic challenges, journey and battles in the imaginary world. By using fantasy, and placing this struggle in a secondary fantasy world, children’s actions and decisions are given adult proportions and importance, whilst the safety remains in the known world to which they will return. As Zipes states, by using fantasy, the child understands universal situations in a complex, â€Å"adult-life† manner (Zipes 178). Warner believes adults see it as their task to socialize children and teach them how to work on real life issues (Warner 139). In some cases even, children â€Å"outsmart adults (Warner 137). Warner further mentions Novalis who stresses on the importance of fantasy literature in creating an â€Å"intimate connection† between children and a wonderful, â€Å"free-floating world† of imagination (Warner 135). Novalis insists that the observable, active fantasy-life displayed by childrens books gives children access to a world of wisdom. For him, through myth and fairy tale, a child is seen as a â€Å"good deal cleverer and wiser than an adult†. Spielberg’s children characters in E. T and Back to the Future fiction films are prime examples of such children. Twentieth century fantasy literature particular to children's authors such as Barrie and Lewis, enforces imagination to deal with universal social issues. The fantasy world contained within Barrie’s and Lewis’s texts allows children to rely on an imaginary world that will offer them order and meaning. In both Peter an d Wendy and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the child protagonists, Peter Pan and the Pevensie children are sent on a fantasy adventure and they encounter various challenges. Through their experiences, these child characters drive children to rely on their own imagination and creativity to solve problems around them. In bother novels, child protagonists are virtual role models for the child reader and so their actions and the way they deal with real life issues carry great relevance to the child reader. By allowing children make their own decisions, children are given agency and added responsibility. Children learn to use their own imagination and gain insight on how things should operate without adult rules hanging over their heads. In Barrie’s book, the story character, Peter and Wendy go on a journey to Neverland, a world where restrictive parents are absent. Peter and Wendy face different challenges. Wendy mothers the Lost Boys; Peter has various encounters with Hook. In both cases, these two child figures are left without adult guidance. Despite the lack of parental rule, these children characters manage to face difficulties and apply their insight to solve problems that come across in Neverland. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe reflects another important example of children’s ability to comprehend certain moral and social issues without adult guidance. In Lewis’s book, Edmund, the third oldest Pevensie child learns the importance of honesty and trust, and the severity of lying. When he is given Turkish delight the first time, he directly falls under the White Witch’s trap and agrees to bring back his siblings to her. All he wants is to â€Å"shovel down as much Turkish Delight as he could, and the more he ate the more he wanted to eat† (Lewis 38). Upon Edmunds betrayal to his siblings, Lucy notices the change of Edmund, because Edmund’s face is â€Å"flushed and strange† (Lewis 42) and he looks â€Å"awful† (Lewis 44). This quotation indicates that a treacherous person has a different appearance. Without explicitly saying to the child, â€Å"you should not lie†, fantasy and fairy tales allow children to see the bonuses and consequences of virtues followed and disobeyed. Through fantasy, children are also allowed to come to their own consensus of the binaries of good and evil, right and wrong without having parents guide them through the entire learning process. Fantasy gives children the freedom to create their own set of morals through stories, characters and imaginative places. Take Lewis’s treatment of the concepts of good and evil in Narnia. The Pevensie children are set on an adventure taking them into the fantasy world that is equipped with ideal tools for exploring good and evil. In this fantasy world, the children protagonists are offered many chances to use their own judgment in differentiating right from wrong. Lewis uses this secondary world to allow children see extremes of good and evil. On one hand, Lewis shows the White Witch, the evil queen of Narnia. She seems to abuse her evil powers and carries a wand that can turn creatures into stones. On the other hand, Lewis shows Aslan, the king and God of Narnia. Aslan is a noble lion who sacrifices his life so that the Witch will spare Edmund. Not only does Lewis place his setting in a fantasy world, but he also takes advantage of fantastic creatures to stimulate the child reader’s sense of dread and imagination. These extreme Narnian characters offer two opposite extreme measures of good and evil for which children can compare to. By looking at real world issues, the child is able to deal with situations of good and evil the same way they were played out in the imaginary world. The child is better able to understand his or her position in the world in relation to those around. Allowing the child to judge the good and evil can arguably be seen as means of socialization, a way of opening the child’s eyes to their surrounding society. Through eliciting imagination in children, twentieth century Fantasy literature has also highlighted social values of its period. Even in fantasy when authors write adventures taking place in a secondary world, it is quite difficult to escape certain institutions and values which make our society function. Twentieth century Fantasy literature carried many adult social messages to children. As Henry Jenkins mentions in Introduction: Childhood Innocence and Other Modern Myths, children’s social learning is shaped both by â€Å"adult desires and childhood fantasies† (Jenkins 25). Warner further adds on the topic by saying that in society there is a deep involvement of adults in shaping children. As members of a functional society, how we treat children â€Å"really tests who were are and fundamentally conveys who we hope to be† (Warner, 137). British writers made comments on society and British life through children’s fantasy books. For example, Lewis in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe mentions the Beaver family in Narnia. The Beaver family can be seen to function on the stereotypical model of a twentieth century British family. In one example, Mr. Beaver rushes out in the cold with Peter to provide food for the family, meanwhile â€Å"the girls were helping Mrs Beaver to fill the kettle and cut the bread† (Lewis 69). It can be argued that through Narnia, Lewis reflects the British life in the twentieth century where men spend long hours working away form home whereas mothers shield the home from the corruptions of the outside world (Jenkins, 7). It is now agreed that twentieth century Fantasy literature is vital in the child’s development of imagination. Although children’s minds are less developed than adults’, their ability to imagine is far greater. Fantasy stories not only allow children to imagine other worlds, they let children create those worlds. Barrie and Lewis wrote for children in a sense that they used simpler language and fantastical settings. These authors tried to fully engage children readers with texts. But, not for a moment did they underestimate the child’s ability to comprehend greater universal and social problems such as the arguments between siblings, the struggle to fight temptation and make the right decision, the importance of imagination in providing children with self-guidance and the ability of evaluating good and evil in society. Twentieth century British authors such as Barrie and Lewis also used Fantasy literature to comment on social issues of that period and reflect certain values of society. In twentieth century children’s literature, fantasy is not used to deceive but to enlighten.

A Bodybuilding Subculture

They could be classified through religion, culture, style, outlook on life and many other aspects. The one subculture that has grown tremendously through out time is a very hard one to notice as a subculture opposed to a sport. Its said that bodybuilding started way back in the times of great philosophers like Plato who believed that a man should strive for a balance between mind and body and that there should be harmony between the two.Also Plato believed with UT a well-conditioned body the mind would ultimately suffer. Taken into aspect obviously someone perused the great words Of a historic philosopher or bodybuilders wouldnt be around today. Bodybuilding began when a new interest in muscle building arose in the beginning of the nineteenth century. When muscle building started in the early nineteen hundreds it was not used for a form of survival or defense. The Greek idea of bodybuilding was a way to celebrate the human body. This is where the modern age of a subculture started with the era when ancient stone lifting was popular.As this huge subculture continued to develop it slowly attached it self to many other cultures. Like in Europe where bodybuilding was a form of entertainment where big fat guys lifted rocks and didnt care what they really looked like. As for Americans though they were much more concerned about they re heath and appearance opposed to just being strong. As America developed more t started becoming a much more disgusting place with people who just didnt care what they looked liked as long as they where alive and didnt care what they ate as long as it tasted good.For the physical ultraist in these societies they battled to stay away from this way of life and felt as if the nation needed someone other then a rock lifting, beer drinking, pot belled European strong man. What this society needed was a role model whose physic could speak for it self and one who more closely resembled a Greek athlete. There was such a human out there and his name was Eugene Sundown. Sundown came to America in the sasss and was labeled as the first real strong man not only out doing every man in strength competitions but also keeping extremely lean and ripped while staying strong.Not long after Sundown emerged many others started on the same path like George Haciendas known as The Russian Lion and after George came Arthur Saxon, Hermann Greener, and Charles Atlas. These and many other men out there are the reason bodybuilding is what it is today. Not only did all of these men use the dynamics of isometrics to produce amazing physics but they are also what led to the transition Of weight training and figuring out building the perfect physic was a combination of the dieting, weight training and having a positive mental out look on what you where doing.The ruinations to bodybuilding actually happened around 1930 when men like Sigmoid Klein appeared with extreme definition, an amazing muscular shape, proportion, and balance will maintaining a frightening low body fat. But by nineteen thirty-nine a change started occurring. The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created the Mr.. America contest in Chicago on July forth. Even at this time all the contestants were not at all considered bodybuilders but came from all types of different sports to show off the physique they have worked so hard for . A year later after the first Mr.. America in nineteen thirty nine the iris real modern bodybuilding event was held in nineteen forty. Known today, as the first real modern body builder Clearance Glance Ross is who set the pace at which bodybuilders today follow. Clearance developed an amazing physique having built up flaring LATA, wide shoulders, a narrow waist, and ripped abs is what really set off the capability of altering the human body with simple movements and dieting.By the nineteen sixties bodybuilding was up running like any other subculture. There were many beliefs to live by and it was even split into two distinct worlds being the Europe side and the American side. Also like all subcultures you have levels as to where you consider yourself in the culture and one man of all could consider himself the beset of the Europe side, the American side, and the whole culture in general and that man is still known very well today and goes by the name Arnold Schwarzenegger.Arnold Schwarzenegger was known greatly around the entire world for his amazing body and ability to almost win every competition he was entered in. When entering the bodybuilding scene in nineteen sixty-six Schwarzenegger started off his success in bodybuilding in sixty-seven when he beat Dennis Timeline in the Mr.. America. Schwarzenegger kept striving for excellence and winning many competitions but by the nineteen eighties and nineties men like Schwarzenegger, Franco Colombo, and Frank Zane were slowly being defeated with no problem by the new age of modern bodybuilding.Todays modern bodybuilders opposed to the bodybuilders of the sixties and seventies look like they have evolved fro m some enormous inhuman creature with amazing genes. Looking at the average size and body fat percentages of old school bodybuilders they weighed somewhere between one hundred and eighty to two hundred and twenty pounds. Now if you compare that to todays bodybuilders weighing in at somewhere between two hundred fifty and three hundred pounds it makes you think what the heck happened in twenty years that the human body could become so genetically altered?From all the gossip around gyms ifs said that todays bodybuilders are so enormous do to the new formulated and wide variety of pharmaceuticals. Many bodybuilders in todays society claim to be all natural, but every one knows there are those out there that are just to gigantic and inhuman looking to be all natural. So bodybuilders do follow extremely cautious diets and lift ours upon hours a day, but this doesnt mean they dont have a little extra enhancement on the side. This doesnt mean all bodybuilders are drug users though either.Many other things contribute to the reason why modern day bodybuilders have become so much larger. One huge aspect that one really should consider hear is the history behind bodybuilding. If you think, bodybuilders have come so far and have learned most of their techniques through trial and error. Through time bodybuilders have figured out better ways of training and much more effective methods of dieting which also lead o the huge size difference between old school and new school bodybuilders. But this isnt all that lead to the improvement of bodybuilding.In the early nineteen nineties many bodybuilders started experimenting with all sorts of natural drugs such as every day minerals, vitamins, and proteins. After recording certain affects they realized these natural supplements messed with many growth factors in the body such as the thyroid gland and a whole range of biochemical agents in the body. After realizing this many bodybuilders started using motivational and mind boosting techniques. By owning this many bodybuilders realized they could exert so much more strength and energy into a work out help them perform so much better. Not only did this promote much more strength and hardness but it also lead to doctors and scientist studying the relation between the mind and body which goes back to Plats saying Without a well conditioned body the mind will ultimately suffer. Now back to drug use in the bodybuilding subculture. Many bodybuilders today are other wise known as juicers, rood heads, ass pokers, and needle stickers. This is due to the large amount of bodybuilders that have used terrors to help enhance their physical attributes. Many of these bodybuilders can be spotted through their looks though.For example one of the most popular drugs I found out which is the greatest muscle builder out today is known as growth hormone or(High). This drug is often used with insulin, which helps to minimize body fat and maximize muscular development. Yea those are the only good things it does though. Many bodybuilders who take this drug can be spotted because growth hormone will cause visual defects such as bone growth in the face especially around the chin and forehead. This rug will also cause bad acne and a large amount of heart problems.Aside from growth hormone there are many other drugs out there that reduce body fat, build muscle, and even thin skin. This is one of the main reasons bodybuilders are given a stereotype today because drug users ruin the name for the natural bodybuilders. Now aside from how bodybuilding became what it is today you see all these great names out there but what you don t see is a womens name. Bodybuilding is a very diverse sport through out culture and sex what we are seeing today though is the sport is just about equal between males and males. There is almost the same amount of females interested in the sport as males.In the early nineteen eighties was the first national competitive competition for women. Many women dont use bodybuilding like men as in ways of domination or who can look bigger and more cut, but they do use for a way to cope with problems, control there physique, help with weight loss, and maintain an all around healthy body. Aside from of the history, drug use, nutrition, and different sexes in the culture a lot of information in this paper was covered through several interviews. Through out the three interviews taken many questions about nutrition, beliefs, outlooks, and drug usage made for very good conversation.These three interviewees chose not to have their names released but did cooperate with all of the questions they were asked. From the three two are of the male sex and one is of female sex. To find potential bodybuilders I traveled to local gyms where I found a lot of candidates that considered them self bodybuilders. In the first interview with John Doe I went through a questioner that was made up before I started each interview. John Doe has considered himself a bodybuilder now for about ten years. He is thirty-two years of age weighs about two hundred and twenty pounds.He as someone who considers himself a body builder says he believes for a person of any Stature to consider himself or her a body builder they must follow a certain criteria. He showed me his favorite quote, which vividly described the difference between bodybuilders and those who think they are but are not. John pulled the quote out of his gym bag and before reading it said he keeps it theyre to remind him what he is. After that knew this guy was true to his subculture. But anyways the quote read The world is divided into two halves the Haves and he Have Onto. Have Onto make excuses to skip training such as the whether, a flat tire.When they are in the gym, they talk endlessly, take too many trips to the water fountain, and worry about their hair. The Have Onto train only so they can get a piece. The Haves? Ifs all about the iron. They approach lifting like its a job. Do it right the first time, don t screw up, never cut corners. Times a wasting. Your set is up. Which side are you on? After hearing that quote had to ask him if he was an all-natural bodybuilder or had a little help on the side. This was one main reason no names were released John demitted to taking to drugs or steroids known as dominant and Winston on the street these are known as D-boll and Whinny.The reason John had taken these drugs was because he said he started to feel discouraged because he had tried so hard to catch up to the others naturally but just couldnt do it. So instead of backing out of the culture John decided to juice just to help him catch up but that was three years ago and he still is a user today. Why? I asked, he said it gets him mentally pumped and when he sees himself in the mirror he likes what it has done to his body. That about concluded my first and favorite interview.

Business ethics individual written report Essay

Business ethics individual written report - Essay Example Without revenues, the companies, especially Nestle Company, will be forced to close shop. Closing up equates to filing a bankruptcy proceeding in the courts of law. The company complies with all health ethics and other community ethics standards. Likewise, Nestle Company does not reduce its current zeal to propagate the importance of implementing the ethical standard with the company’s territorial boundaries. The company sells products that will aid in the enhancement of the current and future customers’ health. The company also accepts and adheres to the current and future customers’ rights to receive valid and relevant information that will lead to the increased safety of all parties concerned. The parties include all stakeholders of the Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the customers of Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the managers of Nestle Company. The stakeholders include the company’s investors. The stakeholders include the Nestle Com pany’s creditors. The stakeholders should also include the current and future customers. Without the customers, the Nestle Company may not be able to generate as much sales as when there was an abundance of current and future customers (Stevens, 2009). In one situation, the customers were disheartened by the unfavourable side effects of patronising the Nestle products. Consequently, the company must not prioritise increasing revenues alone, at the expense of the customers’ sufferings. Nestle Company complies with the ethical standards of the community. The company’s milk and other food products contribute significantly to healthy individuals. The main goal of the company is to produce product that meet the current and future customers’ desire to become healthy (Stevens, 2009). By taking the Nestle products, the current and future customers will have better health conditions. With the Nestle products being distributed to the public, more people are able to buy the hard to find Nestle food products. Consequently, the Nestle Company’s 2008 financial reports indicate that the company was able to generate an estimated three percent growth rate. Further, the favourable growth rate occurred when the company sold products in the global health market segment. The same favourable growth rate arose when the company sold its popular branded products in the global wellness market segment. Likewise, the Nestle Company created an innovation of the marketing activities within the factory production process in order to maximize net profits. The company’s capacity to effectively respond to any external and internal factors of business threats can be easily rehabilitated. The Nestle Company’s marketing strategy includes the ethical selling of added value Nestle products (Stevens, 2009). Further, Nestle places primary importance on incorporation of business ethics. For example, Nestle was instrumental in the implementation of ethic al standards. During the 1970s, Nestle introduced business ethics in the marketing and distribution of infant formula. The Nestle’s implementation of ethical standards was done during the selling of the infant milk formula in the third world market segments (Boyd, 2012). During the same time period, the Nestle Company spearheaded the boycott of milk food and other related products branded as established violating business ethics policies. During the Nestle boycott of ethically wanting food products, Nestle recommended the filing of charges

The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Research Paper - 1

The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - Research Paper Example This happens rarely but it does happen and in this kind of scenario we can totally lose our self respect, confidence and will to live. A similar scenario was faced by the narrator of the novel ‘the invisible man’. It is about the person who explains that his invisibility owes not to some supernatural cause of biochemical accident but instead to the reluctance of other people to notice him. He finds himself in a position where he considers himself as invisible among the people who are sleepwalking around him and thus can’t notice him (â€Å"Invisible man†). This above mentioned instance is also known as â€Å"Alienation". As stated in PsycINFO Database by A. Davids, Alienation is a syndrome composed of five interrelated dispositions: egocentricity, anxiety, distrust, pessimism, and resentment. Alienated individuals are "lone wolves," distrusting their fellow men and apprehensive and ominous about their own future. They tend to apperceive others in their social surroundings as being more alienated than they actually are, yet less alienated than themselves. It is also stated that the alienated person has a "weak ego structure as estimated by experienced clinical judgment." However, when talking about the narrator of ‘the invisible man’, we have to make it crystal clear that his case was different, yet he had most of the symptoms of being alienated as described above. The narrator isolated himself in his room which was a shut-off section of a basement where only white tenants were allowed to live, and disguised himself by we aring dark glasses and a hat. It was not because he had a weak ego structure but he did that because he found ‘white people’ his enemy. One of the reasons that a person can get himself into the state of loneliness is when he isolates himself from the world and decides to live alienated. It is really dangerous for anyone to isolate himself, so it was dangerous for narrator of ‘the invisible man’. As

Abu Dhabi Police Department Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Abu Dhabi Police Department - Research Proposal Example The trend for standardization and integration has been reflected through the compliance to the requirements, various benefits which are normally observed through the provision of greater conformity within an organization, its effectiveness, and the overall efforts of developing separate systems of management. The management systems are usually treated as autonomous functions within organizations/ institutions. However, most of the professionals tend to think that it is possible to bring together and harmonise the three management systems: OHSAS 18001 OHSMS, ISO 14001 EMS and ISO 9001 QMS. This paper will therefore focus on the various management practices in the police department of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. In addition, a clear strategy for the implementation of an integrated system in the organization will be developed and outlined in the paper.... Abu Dhabi Police department is envisioned to become an effectual police force in the policing field which promptly responds to the needs of the society with a high level of training and integrity (Trent 1998, pp.32). In order to achieve the stated vision, the directorate is usually guided by a number of values which include: respect for human rights, honesty and integrity. In relation to this, the study will focus on finding out the quality management and the organization management. This will play a vital role in the development of approaches which will assist in the general performance of Abu Dhabi Police. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The Emirates population is expected to massively rise in the upcoming years. This is greatly attributed to the boom in the tourism industry. Therefore, crime rate is expected to go up as the population increases. Abu Dhabi police has established organizational change and quality management to deal with the expected rise in crime rate (Trent 1998). Despite the police department's involvement in quality management and organizational management, there have been limited suggestions / ideas on how to improve the general performance of the organization. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The study will access the quality management and change management in Abu Dhabi Police department. Having accessed the quality and change management, a number of recommendations will be provided in order to improve the overall performance of Abu Dhabi Police and ensure that it functions to the benefit of the general public. 1.4 Objective of the Study To find out the Quality management involved in Abu Dhabi Police department, To determine the change management involved in Abu Dhabi Police

Telnex technological change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Telnex technological change - Essay Example Both of them bring with themselves a lot of professional and managerial experience but are new to the working of Telnex. We observe that though the Board members, and the staff to some extent, are committal to changes proposed by John Eton and David Harrow, there is a passive simmering resistance to change. Since both the project managers are new entrants, an impression seems to have gone down in the lower management and that John Eton and David Harrow are solely responsible for thrusting an era of change, displacement, increasing work burden, curtailing of freedom and loss of jobs at Telnex. The need for corporate change and a makeover is not figment of imagination of the Board, Genfirst or David and John. It is an urgency brought in by changing market forces that have global ramifications. The workforce needs to be apprised of the fact that change is necessary if Telnex has to survive, the new era competition and becoming continuously responsive to market needs. Rather than taking the onus of change on themselves both the managers need to make the change, a part of the company work culture. Telnex has to cut cost, become technology savvy, increase product range, deliver better customer support and service, and more value for money if it has to survive the onslaught of new players in the market. Telnex Ltd is a consumer durable manufacturing company trying to mould itself to changing market needs. The very hiring of Genfirst—a consultancy company speaks of the need to change being felt by the management. If Genfirst has identified two areas of diversification, the pros and cons of the idea should be weighed together by internal committees and subcommittees of the organization. David Harrow and John Eton the project managers should chair these committees. Decisions taken by committees should be put before Board for approval. Conflict resolution between

Geomatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Geomatics - Essay Example (PLSO) Geomatics tradition in land surveying and mapping science has enabled today's modern era to understand the scientific methods used in the same way as the challenge of representing a round Earth on a flat surface which was the basic confront for map projection; therefore land survey and graphical presentation were standard skills of the geographer as map maker. The principles of good measurement and models have enabled us to understand more or less 'land surveying' as a profession or an industry. Land analysis in surveying, usually done in professional concern is never so much neglected as forcefully rejected by the people. The reason is the perception built by customer, they are not concerned by the analysis and measurement, the only concern, which they possess, is the cost and commercial value of the asset. There are good grounds for most of the realignments, as flaws in analysis are recognised and replaced by very different approaches. Yet the rejection is too all embracing and it is a clear case of 'throwing the baby out with the bathwater'. The best example can be seen by the confusion people possess to accept it in the form of profession. There was a time when physical geography and mapping sciences were largely untouched by these perturbations and the scientific method in its broadest sense continued to serve them well. The question for human geography is now the form in which the heritage of spatial analysis may coexist alongside more recent qualitative methodologies and how both can contribute to the continuing development of the discipline. Some of the inheritance has never really gone away. Qualitative methods compete with the quantitative and each has something of value to offer. Research practices from anthropology such as participatory and observational techniques have a part to play. Although the teaching of Geography still reflects the influence of spatial analysis, it is far less evident in the weight of ongoing research and probably that is to the disadvantage of the discipline. As Turner (2002) pointed out, much of human geography has lost touch with mainstream social science research where positive science remains a strong component. This is not to denigrate the quality of the raft of research in human geography, simply to say that the balance needs to be restored and some of the prejudices removed. (Herbert & Matthews, 2004, p. 28) Increasingly competitive and complex real estate market surveys require international investors to become more knowledgeable about the unique requirements of real estate assets. The demand for the objective counsel of property advisers with technical knowledge of functional areas and products appeared to rise incrementally with the expansion of commercial property investment. Land surveying advisory services covered diverse disciplines within the profession, which includes mostly the real estate: the sale and leasing of property, real estate finance, institutional investment, property and asset management, portfolio investment management, and project management and construction.

Compare and contrast Gandhi and Plato on the issue of appearance and Essay

Compare and contrast Gandhi and Plato on the issue of appearance and reality - Essay Example pularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, and in India as the Father of the Nation was that ‘great soul’ in human form who was able to mobilize millions of people towards nonviolence through principles of nonviolence and truth; he rose to lead the Congress in 1920, during British Imperialism in India, and successfully brought an end to the British rule in India through his basic yet revolutionary principles and radical politics (Dalton, p.27). Both Plato and Gandhi, considered as highly learned super souls, possessed an ability to mobilize masses through their principles and values. Plato was the first one to differentiate between appearance and reality through his views of the world as a pale reflection of different forms as they appeared to the eye; he philosophized that the world is actually changing constantly, and all impressions, as seen, are mere forms (Gelb, 29). Plato explained his ideology of ‘world of forms,’ and their reality, through parable of prisoners in a cave; he pointed at the ‘reality’ of prisoners’ view that is restricted to their own shadows seen on the walls of the cave from the light behind them. If these prisoners are not exposed to outside world, they will tend to believe that the shadows that are visible are the forms of the world. When they are exposed to the outside world, which is the truth, they will not be able to accept it immediately and will have difficul ty in understanding and adjusting to the light and other objects of truth in the world. Through this explanation, Plato explained the relationship between knowledge and reality that is connected through wisdom. A true philosopher is the one who is in constant search of wisdom that will enable him to identify the goodness, truth, and beauty of life. Quite different in approach was Gandhi’s perception of appearance and reality, in other words conceptualization of metaphysics; were based on the issues that pervaded India for many centuries. Although Gandhi fought

Frankenstien essay Essay Example for Free

Frankenstien essay Essay How does Mary Shelley present Frankensteins monster and what is her message to readers? In this essay I shall be answering the question on how Mary Shelley present Frankensteins monster and what is her message to readers? I will also explore the irrational fears that existed, about the progress of science and scientific technology, in the 1800s and how they are addressed in the novel. I will conclude with a personal comment on Shelleys portrayal of the creature and scientific progress. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus was written by Mary Shelley in the early 19th century. At that time it was very unusual for women to write and even more so because she was only 19 years of age. At this time there were many ambitious scientists. These new scientists were eager to research things they had not researched before. She first published the book anonymously in 1818 when critics hailed it as the work of a genius and were very much surprised when they found out that a woman had written it. This was also how initially reacted. Many scientific advances took place in the 18th and 19th centuries such as the invention of the lightning conductor, and the creation of the first prototype electric battery. In some ways, the creation of the creature by Frankenstein shows the dangers of humans trying to overreach their potential with scientific research and knowledge. Victor Frankenstein, an ambitious Swiss university student, dedicates his entire life to trying to create life. Nonetheless, when he succeeds, the ugliness and repulsiveness of the creature forces Frankenstein to reject it. The creature faces a life of solitude and loneliness and society rejects him even when it tries to help. This leads to the death of Frankensteins brother, William, whom the creature kills, and the servant, Justine, is hung after being found guilty of the crime. Frankenstein then incurs the wrath of the creature by making a mate for it and then destroying it. This leads to the death of Henry Clerval, his best friend, and Elizabeth, his wife. In the end both the creature and Frankenstein die. The death of so many people can be a way of showing that scientific advance is not always the best way to go and that it can be dangerous at times. Themes which are, explored in Frankenstein; are madness, dreams and nightmares. During Shelleys time there was a fear of new technology because of the dread that machines would replace humans as workers; this would leave many of the peasants, and working class is out of a job. This led to riots and revolutions such as the Luddite riots of 1811, which saw machines smashed in violent reaction. This can be linked to riots and demonstrations today against abortion and test-tube babies that one sees in the media everyday. The novel begins with the expedition of an explorer named Walton. Walton is about to fulfill his ambition and go on his expedition to the North Pole. He wants to go to the North Pole because he wants to be remembered by discovering a place where no man has ever gone. Walton writes a letter to his sister from St. Petersburg. In his letter Walton says that he knows that ordinary people are worried about his ambitions. He says his sister regards it as an evil forbidding. Walton prepares for the expedition by being hard and very tough on himself as if he enjoys torturing himself. He states in the letter that he: Endured cold, famine, thirst, and want of sleep Victor Frankenstein wants to push back the boundaries of science. He wants to create life so that people would live longer. The reason he desires to bring back life is that no one else had accomplished this before. He is also a scientist and wants to be remembered like all scientists. Victor Frankenstein is also very excited because he not only thinks he can bring back life but he also thinks he could create life. He says: A new species would bless me as its creator and source He thinks hes going to be thanked and thought of like a god by the new species he is about to create. Frankenstein prepares for this by attending lectures, reading books, not sleeping and putting himself wholly into his work: Stars often disappeared into the light of the morning whilst I was yet engaged in my laboratory, meaning that Frankenstein spent so much time in the laboratory the nights passed quickly. This also shows the devotion to his work. His work appears to be dangerous because he went to places like charnel houses and vaults, which are considered to be very creepy. He spent days inside these places to collect raw materials, that is, body parts for his creation. This indicates that he is prepared to do anything to accomplish his ambition, to bring back life. When the creature is in the process of being created, Frankenstein is portrayed as a fanatic and maniac about what he is doing. He neglected his health due to his commitment to his work. I can discern this because he says: My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement. This tells me that he has become very ill because of his steadfastness on his mission to create artificial life. This can mean that he is too committed to reaching an objective that is out of any humans reach. In a way Mary Shelley also shows how Frankenstein is breaking societys taboos by: [collecting] bones from charnel houses; and disturbing, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame. This is shown as going against nature and as evil. He also describes his aim as filthy, with the use of the words: my workshop of filthy creation

Hart and Fuller Legal Arguments Analysis

Hart and Fuller Legal Arguments Analysis There has been a debate between Hart and fuller that has brought up arguments and room for discussion. This essay will show three specific arguments put forward by both Hart and Fuller; the criticisms of Harts theory and the reasoning behind the rebutting of the statement Fuller confuses the efficacy of a legal system with its morality. The starting point would be to look at the ideals and the reasoning behind the theory that was suggested by Hart. Hart can be seen as a 20th century positivist who believes that there is a separation between what the law is and what the law ought to be[1]. This means that there is a distinction between the law and morality. Hart begins with the explanation of how rules that confer rights need not be moral rules or coincide with them[2]. He also went further to say that rights exist under the rules of formalities, games and in many other spheres regulated by rules which are irrelevant to the question of justice or what the law ought to be[3]. This argument shows how Hart has made the distinction between legal rights and moral rights which goes back to the separation of law and morality. In addition to this, Hart expresses what a legal system should consist of. He believes that people in the society generally obey the rules and when that society has no court or police reinforcement it will have some sort of informal rule to organize the social life[4]. If people want a secure life they have to follow these rules[5]. These rules according to Hart are primary rules; the primary rules set out what the obligations and duties are in a society[6]. Examples of such rules would be criminal prohibition and tort rules because these rule prohibit theft and forbids certain conduct[7]. Hart explains that a legal system cannot operate with primary rules alone, there has to be another set of rules that shows and tell the people of society how those rules of conduct work. These are known as secondary rules and they contain three rules which are (1) the rule of recognition, (2) the rule of change and (3) the rule of adjudication[8]. The rule of recognition is the rule that helps identify the uncertainty of which are rules when a society has a lot of primary rules[9]. The rule of change is the rule that specifies the procedure of changing the primary rules and the rule of adjudication is the rule that establishes the process of determining the application of a primary rule in particular cases[10]. Hart believes that the rule of recognition plays a vital role in a legal system. This is because it is a matter of social practise; it does not need to be written down[11]. It is the rule that society accepts as the authoritys way to determine what the primary rules are.[12] Hart believes that an effective legal system could have wicked laws. Another argument that Hart purports is that of Judicial interpretation. Judges look at the standard meaning of the word. Hart believes that the task of interpretation is commonly that of determining the meaning of the specific words of a legal rule, like vehicle in a rule excluding vehicles from a park[13]. Particularly the task of interpretation is to determine the range of reference of such a word[14]. Communication is possible only because words have a core of meaning that remains constant whatever the context in which the word may appear[15]. Except in unusual circumstances where it would be proper to regard a word like vehicle as accepting its standard meaning. This meaning of the word will have in any legal rule, whatever its purpose is. If a judge is applying the word to its standard meaning, then there is no creative role; the judge is simply applying the law as it is[16]. In addition to this Hart also talks about the words having a penumbral meaning which varies from context to context. Following the example given in the previous paragraph when the object in question (tricycle) falls within the penumbra the judge has to assume a more creative role[17]. The judge will have to make an interpretation of the rule in the context of its purpose and aim[18] which gives room for judicial discretion. When questions of this sort are decided there is at least an intersection of is and ought[19]. The judge makes decisions on what the rule is but he does this in the light of his notion of what it ought to be to carry out its purpose[20]. Looking at the arguments and theories that Hart suggests there are some inconsistencies that gives room for criticism and questioning. In making these criticisms, Fullers theory and argument will be used. The first argument by Hart that referred to the separation of what is and ought to be can be criticised. He believes that law confers rights but these rights need not be moral. Fuller explains that certain moral standards are built in to the concept of law itself. It is agreed that the law confer rights on individuals but since there are certain moral standards embedded in the law then it would be wrong to say that these rights conferred by law are not necessarily moral rights. This shows the that law and morality are not as separate as Hart claims. In relations to Harts second argument regarding what a legal system should consist of, in contrast to this fuller gives his own theory of how a legal system should be. Fuller discusses that the function of a set of rules must play is defined in the law[21]. Law as defined by Fuller is a particular way of achieving social order by guiding human behaviour according to rules[22]. He attempts to identify what he calls the internal morality of a system of legal rules[23]. In order for rules to be effective and qualify as law in any system these eight principles of legality must be adhered to. They are (i) the rule should be general; (ii) the rule should be made public, (iii) the rule must not be retroactive (iv) the rule should be clear, (v) the rule should be non-contradictory, (vi) the rule must be possible to follow, (vii) the rule should remain constant through time and (viii) there should be congruence between official action and declared rules. In other words, running the legal syst em fairly based on the eight principle seems to be a prerequisite of running it effectively and this suggests a point where law and morality merge[24]. It is important to note that Fuller does not claim that any system that follows these procedures is perfectly moral[25]. Rather, his view is that the procedures embodied in a legal system are morally important and determine whether a set of rules really count as a legal system[26]. The purpose of this legal system is to provide people with guides of action. He goes on to explain that for a legal system to be effective there has to be a cooperation between the officials and the citizens. In relations to the third argument of Judicial interpretation. Hart believes the judiciary should interpret the law in its literal meaning when dealing with core cases but in the penumbra cases there is room for judicial discretion and this is where the judge interprets the law based on what he thinks ought to be law to carry out its purpose. This in itself shows how contradictory the principle he gives is. He clearly states that law and morals should be separate but when it comes to penumbral cases there should be a merge of law and morality to satisfy the purpose of the law. In terms of interpretation Fuller believes the law must be interpreted in light of its purpose. Fuller also explains in interpreting the law the judge should try to make it fair in order to persuade the citizens to fairness and the rational of the law. Fuller criticises the theory of the Nazi informer made by Hart in his thesis. He believes that a system such as that in Nazi Germany could violate the morality of order to such an extent that it no longer had laws[27]. Fuller agreed with the theory set out by Radbruch who explained that the doctrine of fundamental principles of humanitarian morality were part of the very concept of legality and that no positive statute however clearly expressed it was could be valid if it contravened the basic principle of morality[28]. In conclusion the theories that Fuller puts forward against separation of law and morals are much more substantial and it shows that rather than fuller confusing the efficiency of a legal system with its morality. He shows that for a legal system to be effective it has to have an underlying morality. BIBLIOGRAPHY Daniel Chong, Hart on penumbra and core meaning, file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/HART_on_pernumbra_and_core_meaning.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 Faculty.ycp.edu, Fullers Internal Morality of Law, http://faculty.ycp.edu/~dweiss/phl347_philosophy_of_law/Fuller%20and%20the%20internal%20morality%20of%20law.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 Hubpages.com, Summary of Legal Positivism Concept and Harts Separation of Law and Morality: Fairly Legal (1) (15 Septemper,2013) http://hubpages.com/education/Harts-Positivism-and-the-Separation-of-Law-and-Morality-Fairly-Legal-1 accessed 23 November 2016. Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [1] H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 p 549 [2] Ibid, 606 [3] Ibid, 606 [4] Hubpages.com, Summary of Legal Positivism Concept and Harts Separation of Law and Morality: Fairly Legal (1) (15 Septemper,2013) http://hubpages.com/education/Harts-Positivism-and-the-Separation-of-Law-and-Morality-Fairly-Legal-1 accessed 23 November 2016. [5] Ibid [6] Ibid [7] Ibid [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Ibid [11] Ibid [12] Ibid [13] Daniel Chong, Hart on penumbra and core meaning, file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/HART_on_pernumbra_and_core_meaning.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 [14] Ibid [15] Ibid [16] Ibid [17] Ibid [18] Ibid [19] Ibid [20] Ibid [21] Faculty.ycp.edu, Fullers Internal Morality of Law, http://faculty.ycp.edu/~dweiss/phl347_philosophy_of_law/Fuller%20and%20the%20internal%20morality%20of%20law.pdf accessed 24 November 2016 [22] Ibid [23] Ibid [24] Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [25] Ibid [26] Ibid [27] Michael Green, Fuller on Hart, (carneades, 21 February, 2013) http://carneades.pomona.edu/2013-Law/0220-nts.shtml accessed 24 November 2016 [28] H.L.A Hart, Positivism and Separation of Law and Morality, (1958) 71 Harvard Law Review 593 p 617

Juice :: essays research papers

Steroids are known as synthetic versions of the naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone. Although some people think that there are only positive effects from the use of steroids, there are far more negative effects than there are positive ones. Steroids may make you look bigger and feel stronger, but eventually they will become very detrimental to your body. There are physical and mental side effects to the use of steroids, and the continued use of steroids will be fatal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To the science world they are known as altered testosterone molecules. Juice or roids, as called on the street, are made by adding an alkyl group or an ester to testosterone. Basically the 17-carbon atom of testosterone is altered to make the tissue building characteristic dominant and to minimize the virilizing characteristics (Wright, Cowart). The testosterone atom can be manipulated in many ways, and that is the reason there are many different types of steroids on the market. Why wouldn’t the virilizing characteristic just be eliminated from the whole process? The answer to this is â€Å"The anabolic and androgenic activities are distinguished primarily for classification purposes and not because of properties inherent in the steroids themselves.† (Wright, Cowart, p. 26)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anabolic steroids are taken by ingestion of pills or or by a liquid being intravenously injected. Some users like to ingest the pills because there is no visual traces, but they are not as effective as the liquid steroids. The liquid steroids enter the bloodstream faster and there is more likely of a chance for the steroid molecules to link with the muscle fibers. However, there is the possibility of the user not being able to inject them self, or the risk of someone noticing the injection marks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reasons that users of steroids abuse the drug is because they want to become better athletes or become bigger humans. To the potential user the main reason is to increase muscle mass. When somebody lifts weights, the whole purpose is to tear the muscle fibers in the body. These muscle fibers then repair themselves over the course of a day or two. This makes the muscle fibers bigger and stronger because when it repairs itself, it increases in strength and size. Steroids enhances this process by expediting the repair of the muscle fibers. Not only do the muscles grow back bigger and more defined, but stronger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sports, the use of steroids is prevalent among athletes that have reached a plateau in their physical development.

Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Essay -- Post-Modernity

This paper answers the question: Are We in a Post-Modern Age? Post-Modernism can be described as a particular style of thought. It is a concept that correlates the emergence of new features and types of social life and economic order in a culture; often called modernization, post-industrial, consumer, media, or multinational capitalistic societies. In Modernity, we have the sense or idea that the present is discontinuous with the past, that through a process of social, technological, and cultural change (either through improvement, that is, progress, or through decline) life in the present is fundamentally different from life in the past. This sense or idea as a world view contrasts with what is commonly known as Tradition, which is simply the sense that the present is continuous with the past, that the present in some way repeats the forms, behavior, and events of the past. I would propose that traditional ways of life have been replaced with uncontrollable change and unmanageable alternatives, but that these changes and alternatives eventually create something that may result in the society that traditionalists actually seek after; the balance between Nature and Technology. Modernity itself is merely the sense that the present is a transitional point, not focused on a clear goal in the future but simply changing through forces outside our control. I will first describe how "Modernity" came about, and then to indicate some of the features for which "Post-Modernity" is meant to be a reaction, response or addition to modernization. Beginnings of Modernity: First, I aim to give a broad historical picture against which we may understand the rise of Modernity as an idea related to science and society or as a framework for a view of rationality. We know that we experience change as either progress or transition, that is, we view our historical situation and our lives presently as deriving meaning and value in some unrealized future. The shift from Renaissance humanism to Modern rationalism can be understood in terms of four shifts: (1) from an oral culture in which the theory and practice of rhetoric played a central role to a written culture in which formal logic played a central role in establishing the credentials of an argument; (2) from a practical concern - with understanding and acting on particular cases to a more th... ...spicious of the belief in shared speech, shared values, and shared perceptions that some would like to believe form our culture but which in fact may be no more than empty, if necessary, fictions. I believe we should be committed to salvaging what we can of the ideals of Enlightenment and Modernity. We need to stay open to all valid claims of reasoning, knowledge, spirit, tradition, and humanity; for we are not, and cannot be, all knowing in this life. To be focused so completely upon Post-Modernism or Modernity, suggests that we can somehow define a group, any group, in the sense of its cultural essence; which is not in truth completely possible or even wise. Are we in a Post-Modern Age? I would say yes as a defined theory or word, but in the reality of man and life, the answer is No. Man is continually changing and adapting and for ever continuing to progress in spirit, technology, and social/cultural adaptation. Whatever age we are presently in, we are modern compared to the one before, each age lives its own Modernity; each era obligated to find its own balance between Nature and Technology, Tradition and Progress; a continuous cycle until the end of man.

Nutrition Application Internship :: essays research papers

Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became very interested in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to live only 1 year. While he didn't have cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldn't diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed his life. He started to eat low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, quit smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, live as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him inspired to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his history and never looked at food the same way again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optimum health, that just exercise isn't enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a consultant to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can help people develop habits to improve their health. I may eventually go on to graduate school to advance my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background will be a great contribution to the Washington State University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many diverse cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to different cultures allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful. Nutrition Application Internship :: essays research papers Based on a variety of personal experiences, I became very interested in the role of foods and nutrition. During my last year of highschool, my favorite who had a successful business succumbed to a strange alliment. He was tired all the time and was diagnosed to live only 1 year. While he didn't have cancer, his bloodwork had many abnormalites the doctors couldn't diagnose. He began to seek out other doctors who ultimately recommended that his see a dietitian. This changed his life. He started to eat low fat foods thats packed in vitamins, quit smoking and drinking and started to exercise regular bases. One year later, he could get out of bed, live as an full energetic person as he had before. This made him inspired to study nutrition in America. I was overwhelmed after I knew his history and never looked at food the same way again. It is clear to me now that how people eat and what people eat is an important factor in acheving optimum health, that just exercise isn't enough. I am inspired to explore the field of dietetics which is very broad and dietitians perform a variety of functions in their jobs. As a dietitian, I can work in a wide variety of positions such as a foodservice manager in commercial or institutional, a community nutritionist, such as the WIC and Headstart, a consultant to major food corporations such as Kelloggs and Kraft or go into sales. I am very interested in working in a position where I can help people develop habits to improve their health. I may eventually go on to graduate school to advance my knowledge of dietetics. My cultural background will be a great contribution to the Washington State University Coordinated Dietetics Program. Being raised in a Malasia, having visited different countries, and now living in the United States, I have experienced the similarities and differences among many diverse cultural groups and nutritional diets. This broad exposure to different cultures allowed me to relate to different types of people by understanding their ways and beliefs, a quality that will help me work well with other students and people. For example, many Malasians will eat something that is unhealthy in nutritional standards and has no benefits to the body. However, they will continue to consume it because it is common in their culture. I would like to teach Malasian people to look at food from a cultural and nutritional angle to be more healthful.

Organizational Development

CASE STUDY MODULE 17 ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PQHRM/53-025 H E B MARASINGHE Contents Acknowledgement3 Introduction to the case study4 Literature Review5 What is OD intervention ? 5 Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings,5 Intervention Categories7 The process of Organizational Development9 Change management11 Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products12 Implementing an effective and successful OD process12 Impact of Closing down of plant in Kandy15 Recommendations16Acknowledgement I would like to thank all the lecturers at the Institute of Personnel Management, specially to all the tutors who guided and helped me to complete the 17th module case study successfully. And all my friends who helped me in numerous ways to complete the case study and to understand the subject matter. Introduction to the case study Nuran food products (NFP) is supplier of processed bottle food products to leading super market chain. Presently two fac tories are operating one in Kandy and the other plant in Colombo.Both of the plants uses traditional simple techniques in the production process, and these plants are operated by extremely loyal employees to the organization but not very educated and with very limited English knowledge. Presently the company is enjoying a good market share and the management has considered renovating the factories with state of the art equipment with the view of enhancing the production capacity. If new machinery is bought in the Colombo plant itself alone can meet the current market demand, and the Kandy plant could be closed down to minimize the overhead cost and to maximize the revenues.The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a wide variety of other tasks. The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Presently the workforce is 65, and with the new modernized plant it will only require 55 employees. A manager who is supporting the modernization process has said that only 10 jobs are affected, and the HR implications are minimal.Under the case study a detail study will be carried out on all implications of the plant modernization in Colombo and Closure of plant in Kandy. Literature Review Considering the above scenario the organization is planning to do a development to the current organization. What is organization development? Organizational development is concerned with the planning and implementation of programmes designed to enhance the effectiveness with which an organization functions and responds to change. Overall, the aim is to adopt a planned and coherent approach to improving organizational effectiveness.An effective organization can be defined broadly as one that achieves its purpose by meeting the wants and needs of its stakeholders, matching its reso urces to opportunities, adapting flexibly to environmental changes and creating a culture that promotes commitment, creativity, shared values and mutual trust. An organization is the planned coordination of the activities of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal, through division of labor and function, and through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility – (Edgar Shein) An organization development is done through planned organization interventions.What is OD intervention ? The term Intervention refers to a set of sequenced, planned actions or events intended to help an organization to increase its effectiveness. Interventions purposely disrupt the status quo; they are deliberate attempts to change an organization or sub-unit toward a different and more effective state Criteria for Effective Interventions In OD three major criteria define the effectiveness of an intervention: 1. The Extent to Which it (the Intervention) fits the need s of the organization. 2. The degree to which it is based on causal knowledge of intended outcomes 3.The extent to which the OD intervention transfers change-management competence to organization members. Factors That Impact the Success of OD Interventions can be listed under two main headings, 1. Factors relating to Change Situation: These relate to the environment of the organization and include the physical and human environment. 2. Factors Related to the Target of Change: These relate to the specific targets at which OD interventions are targeted. The targets of change can be different issues of the organization and at different levels Factors relating to Change Situation I.Readiness for Change: Intervention success depends heavily on the organization being ready for planned change. II. Capability to Change: Managing planned change requires particular knowledge and skills including the ability to motivate change, to lead change, to develop political support, to manage transition , and to sustain momentum. III. Cultural Context: The national culture within which an organization is embedded can exert a powerful influence on members’ reactions to change, and so intervention design must account for the cultural values and assumptions held by organization members.IV. Capabilities of the Change Agent (OD Consultant): The success of OD interventions depend to a great extent on the expertise, experience and talents of the consultant. Factors Related to the Target of Change: A. Organizational Issues I. Strategic Issues: Strategic issues refer to major decisions of organizations such as what products or services to offer, which markets to serve, mergers, acquisitions, expansions, etc. II. Technology and Structure Issues: These refer to issues relating to how organizations divide their work amongst departments and how they coordinate between departments.III. Human Resource Issues: These issues are concerned with attracting competent people to the organization, setting goals for them, appraising and rewarding their performance, and ensuring that they develop their careers and manage stress. IV. Human Process Issues: These issues have to do with social processes occurring among organization members, such as communication, decision-making, leadership, and group dynamics. B. Organizational LevelsOD interventions are aimed at different levels of the organization: individual, group, organization and trans-organization (for example different offices of the organization around the globe; or between organization and its suppliers, customers, etc. ) Intervention Categories Human Process Interventions A. The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. I. T Groups: The basic T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their interactions. II.Process Consultation: This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. III. Third Party Interventions: This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. IV. Team Building: This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. B. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more system wide than individualistic or small-group oriented. I. Organization Confrontation Meeting: This change method mobilizes rganization members to identify problems, set action targets, and begin working on problems. II. Intergroup Relations: These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. III. Large-group Interventions: These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a large meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, to articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. IV. Grid Organ ization Development: This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization.Techno-Structural Interventions These interventions deal with an organization’s technology (for examples its task methods and job design) and structure (for example, division of labor and hierarchy). These interventions are rooted in the disciplines of engineering, sociology, and psychology and in the applied fields of socio-technical systems and organization design. Consultants place emphasis both on productivity and human fulfillment. I. Structural Design: This change process concerns the organization’s division of labor – how to specialize task performances.Diagnostic guidelines exist to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organizational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing: This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III. Re-engineering: This recent intervention radically redesigns the organization’s core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Human Resource Management Interventions I. Goal Setting: This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals.It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. II. Performance Appraisal: This intervention is a systematic process of jointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, III. Reward Systems: This intervention involves the design of organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. IV. Career Planning and development: It generally focuses on managers and professional staff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life.V. Managing workforce diversity: Important trends, such as the increasing number of women, ethnic minorities, and phys ically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. VI. Employee Wellness: These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. Strategic Interventions These interventions link the internal functioning of the organization to the larger environment and transform the organization to keep pace with changing conditions. I.Integrated Strategic Change: It argues that business strategies and organizational systems must be changed together in response to external and internal disruptions. A strategic change plan helps members manage the transition between a current strategy and organization design and the desired future strategic orientation. II. Trans organization development: This intervention helps organizations to enter into alliances, partnerships and joint ventures to perform tasks or solve problems that are too complex for single organizations to resolve III.Merger and Acquisition Integration : This intervention describes how OD practitioners can assist two or more organizations to form a new entity. IV. Culture Change: This intervention helps organizations to develop cultures (behaviors, values, beliefs and norms) appropriate to their strategies and environments. V. Self-designing organizations: This change program helps organizations gain the capacity to alter themselves fundamentally. It is a highly participative process, involving multiple stakeholders in setting strategic directions and designing and implementing appropriate structures and processes.VI. Organization learning and knowledge management. The process of Organizational Development Source : http://roblamothe. hubpages. com The Organizational Development (OD) process is complicated and it takes long time to complete the process. It takes minimum of one year and sometimes continues indefinitely. There are different approaches to OD process but the typical process consists of seven steps, viz. , initial diagn osis, data collection, data feedback and confrontation, action planning and problem solving, team building, inter group development and evaluation and follow up. . Initial Diagnosis: If executives recognize that there are inadequacies within organization which can be corrected by OD activities, it is necessary to find out the professional and competent people within the organization to plan and execute OD activities. If competent people are not available within the organization the services activities are to be taken. The consultants adopt various methods including interviews, questionnaires, direct observation, analysis of documents and reports for diagnosing the problem. 2. Data Collection:Survey method is used to collect the data and information for determining organizational climate and identifying the behavioral problems. 3. Data Feedback and Confrontation: Data collected are analyzed and reviewed by various work groups formed from this purpose in order to mediate in the areas of disagreement or confrontation of ideas or opinions and to establish priorities. 4. Selection and Design of Interventions: The interventions are the planned activities that are introduced into the system to accomplish desired changes and improvements.At this stage the suitable interventions are to be selected and designed. 5. Implementation of Intervention: The selected intervention should be implemented. Intervention may take the form of workshops, feedback of data to the participants, group discussions, written exercises, on-the-job activities, redesign of control system etc. Interventions are to be implemented steadily as the process is not short, quick for organizational malady. But it achieves real and lasting change in the attitudes and behavior of employees. 6.Action Planning and problem Solving: Groups prepare recommendations and specific action planning to solve the specific and identified problems by using data collected. 7. Team Building: The consultants encourage the e mployees throughout the process to form into groups and teams by explaining the advantages of the teams in the OD process, by arranging joint meetings with the managers, subordinates etc. 8. Inter group Development: The consultants encourage the inter group meetings, interaction etc. , after the formation of groups/teams.After identifying organizational development interventions the organization development process needs to be carried out. once the development is done the change process should take place, that is migrating from the old system to the new system. No matter how successful or suitable the OD process is if it fails to manage the transition period. Change management Above change management activities should be given priority. while appointing a change agent to drive the change management through. Report to be given to CEO of Nuran food products To: CEO of Nuran Food ProductsFrom: Harindra Marasinghe of XYZ company Subject: Implications of the proposed plant modernization in Colombo and closure of the Plant In Kandy Company is looking at an organization development process, that is it has shown the interest in improving its existing process in order to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency while gearing itself to meet external environment competition. This report will consist of following three sections, 1. Implementing an effective successful OD process 2. Impacts on closing down of Kandy Plant 3. RecommendationsImplementing an effective and successful OD process This OD process should make sure that it full fills the following, * It should be planned, * Implemented organization wide * Increase health and effectiveness of the organization * Planned interventions * Using behavioral science knowledge to understand people, business systems and their interactions How successful this process will be depending on the following, 1. How well this process suits the organization 2. what is the knowledge we have about the relevance of inputs and out puts o f this process 3.How well we can sustain this change management process Considering the above it is evident that the first two conditions are met beyond doubt, but the question is will it be sustainable? will the employees be able to adopt to the change? it is said by the vendor that the employees should be able to read the manuals which are in English and to operate the computerized equipment to get the most out from the new machinery, with the educational level the current employees have will they be able to cope up with this? Following could be suggested to overcome the present situation,Make the employees ready for change Let the employees understand why this change process is taking place and why it is important, what should be there contribution towards this process to be successful, listen to their suggestions and proposals. Make them a part of this change process. Give necessary skills to face the change situation The new processing machinery equipment requires sophisticated skills from production operators including reading technical manuals, operating computerized equipment and performing a wide variety of other tasks.The vendor suggests that the new equipment is most effective when the employees are organized in to self managed teams. Most of the employees have very limited English knowledge and reading the manuals will be a huge barrier, to overcome this it will be much easier to translate those manual to whatever language that they are familiar with rather than trying to teach them English which will be much time consuming and costly. Cultural Context The process have to suit the current traditional culture where supervisors make decisions and gives orders. his culture is successful in the company and should be maintained. Appointing a suitable change agent A change agent is an event, organization, material thing or, more usually, a person that acts as a catalyst for change. He/she should have a thorough have a understanding of the organization an d the process. Apart from the above following characteristics are vital, 1. Sensitivity to changes in key personnel, top management perceptions and market conditions, and to the way in which these impact the goals of the project. 2. Setting of clearly defined, realistic goals. . Flexibility in responding to changes without the control of the project manager, perhaps requiring major shifts in project goals and management style. 4. Team-building abilities, to bring together key stakeholders and establish effective working groups, and to define and delegate respective responsibilities clearly. 5. Networking skills in establishing and maintaining appropriate contacts within and outside the organization. 6. Tolerance of ambiguity, to be able to function comfortably, patiently and effectively in an uncertain environment. 7.Communication skills to transmit effectively to colleagues and subordinates the need for changes in the project goals and in individual tasks and responsibilities. 8. I nterpersonal skills, across the range, including selection, listening, collecting appropriate information, identifying the concerns of others, and managing meetings. 9. Personal enthusiasm in expressing plans and ideas. 10. Stimulating motivation and commitment in others involved. 11. Selling plans and ideas to others by creating a desirable and challenging vision of the future. 2. Negotiating with key players for resources, for changes in procedures, and to resolve conflict. 13. Political awareness in identifying potential coalitions, and in balancing conflicting goals and perceptions. 14. Influencing skills, to gain commitment to project plans and ideas from potential skeptics and resisters. 15. Helicopter perspectives, to stand back from the immediate project and take a broader view of priorities Above described is contingencies related to change situation. or this process to be implement smoothly following organization development interventions could be recommended, Human Proces s Interventions The following interventions deal with interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. 1. T Groups: The basic T Group brings ten to fifteen strangers together with a professional trainer to examine the social dynamics that emerge from their interactions. 2. Process Consultation: This intervention focuses on interpersonal relations and social dynamics occurring in work groups. 3.Third Party Interventions: This change method is a form of process consultation aimed at dysfunctional interpersonal relations in organizations. 4. Team Building: This intervention helps work groups become more effective in accomplishing tasks. The following Interventions deal with human processes that are more system wide than individualistic or small-group oriented. 1. Organization Confrontation Meeting: This change method mobilizes organization members to identify problems, set action targets, and begin working on problems. 2.Intergroup Relations: These interventions are designed to improve interactions among different groups or departments in organizations. 3. Large-group Interventions: These interventions involve getting abroad variety of stakeholders into a large meeting to clarify important values, to develop new ways of working, to articulate a new vision for the organization, or to solve pressing organizational problems. 4. Grid Organization Development: This normative intervention specifies a particular way to manage an organization. Human Resource Management Interventions 1.Goal Setting: This change program involves setting clear and challenging goals. It attempts to improve organization effectiveness by establishing a better fit between personal and organizational objectives. 2. Performance Appraisal: This intervention is a systematic process of jointly assessing work-related achievements, strengths and weaknesses, 3. Reward Systems: This intervention involves the design of organizational rewards to improve employee satisfaction and performance. 4. Career Plan ning and development: It generally focuses on managers and professional taff and is seen as a way of improving the quality of their work life. 5. Managing workforce diversity: Important trends, such as the increasing number of women, ethnic minorities, and physically and mentally challenged people in the workforce, require a more flexible set of policies and practices. 6. Employee Wellness: These interventions include employee assistance programs (EAPs) and stress management. above attention towards human resource will prepare the employees both mentally and physically to the change process. Above mentioned is the Human resource element of the OD process. ince the organization is changing techno structural intervention is important to the organization I. Structural Design: This change process concerns the organization’s division of labor – how to specialize task performances. Diagnostic guidelines exist to determine which structure is appropriate for particular organiz ational environments, technologies, and conditions. II. Downsizing: This intervention reduces costs and bureaucracy by decreasing the size of the organization through personnel layoffs, organization redesign, and outsourcing. III.Re-engineering: This recent intervention radically redesigns the organization’s core work processes to create tighter linkage and coordination among the different tasks Impact of Closing down of plant in Kandy Out of the 65 employees most of the employees who are attached to Kandy plant must be from surrounding neighborhood. As per HR manager the proposed new work force of 55 is adequate for the new operation, but the problem arises whether employees from Kandy are willing to travel to Colombo on daily basis, and even if they do what will be their output? If we terminate 10 employees what will be the mental impact on other employees? his might create questions about job security among other employees as well, and termination might have a negative imp act from the social perspective. Recommendations Human resource is the most vital asset that an any organization has. Nuran food products have been successful as result of its human resource. Changing the organization overall process will have a huge impact on all the employees and terminating the excess 10 employees will create an additional pressure on the work force. As mentioned above for the employees who are willing to travel from Kandy it is recommended to provide them with accommodation and other benefits.Naturally some of the employees will resign as a result of travelling distance problem, and it should be always kept in mind that this loyal work force have brought the company to its present situation, and it is recommended to keep all existing 65 employees. for future a good planned recruitment process should be laid down, educated people should be recruited and they should be properly trained to maximize the outputs. It is a good strategic decision to close down the Kand y plant provided content of the above report is taken in to consideration.